Johan Farkas 和 Jannick Schou认为,“假新闻”的概念已经成为当代政治斗争的重要组成部分。2016年美国大选前后,左右翼都试图用“假新闻”去攻击政敌的合法地位。在选举战中,媒体公司、学者和自由派人士抨击特朗普及其支持者是假新闻泛滥的主因,并制作相关浏览器插件以提醒网民。而任职前后,特朗普又用“假新闻”去反向攻击《纽约时报》等主流媒体,并称它们是人民的公敌。
Overview and Key Findings of the 2018 Digital News Report
http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2019/overview-key-findings-2019/
The spread of true and false news online
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146
Jon Lee Anderson. “Fake News” and Unrest in Nicaragua:
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/09/03/fake-news-and-unrest-in-nicaragua.
Fake News as a Floating Signifier: Hegemony, Antagonism and the Politics of Falsehood: Javnost - The Public: Vol 25, No 3
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463047?src=recsys